Making water affordable to all : a typology and evaluation of options for urban water pricing / Paul Lehmann. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung - UFZ, Department of Economics

Abstract

An important criterion for the design of urban water prices is the affordability of water supply for poor customers. This paper presents a typology of water pricing options which policy-makers have at their disposal in order to address affordability. A review of theoretical insights and empirical experiences reveals, however, how the real-world performance of these options depends on the characteristics of their technological and socio-economic environment. Moreover, possible trade-offs between affordability and other criteria, including efficiency, financial sustainability and administrative simplicity, are pointed out. Thereby, the paper is meant to assist policy-makers in identifying water pricing options which are appropriate for their context. -- Administrative simplicity ; affordability ; efficiency ; financial sustainability ; typology ; water pricing